Pheromones and Semiochemicals of genus, Latrodectus (Araneae: Theridiidae)

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Semiochemicals of Genus Latrodectus

Phylum:	Arthropoda
Subphylum:	Chelicerata
Class:	Arachnida
Order:	Araneae
Family:	Theridiidae
Subfamily:	Latrodectinae
Tribe:

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Semiochemical(s):

Latrodectus geometricus Koch

Baruffaldi L

2016

Uni. Toronto

N-3me-butyroyl-O-propionyl-l-serine me-ester

�Relative ratio of the component�

�(*) indicates that compound is active�

P �Category of the chemical signal

A -	Attractant
Al -	Allomone
K -	Kairomone
P -	Pheromone
Sy -	Synomone�

F �Source of the chemical signal

F -	Female
H -	Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -	Lure
M -	Male
M&F -	Male and Female
S -	Solider
Q -	Queen
W -	Worker�

�Amount

pg -	Picogram
ng -	Nanogram
�g -	Microgram
mg -	Milligram
g -	Gram�

Contact pheromone

Latrodectus hasseltii Thorell

Bryan SA

2019

N.Z. J. Zool.

46:

189

4Acid

�Relative ratio of the component�

�(*) indicates that compound is active�

P �Category of the chemical signal

A -	Attractant
Al -	Allomone
K -	Kairomone
P -	Pheromone
Sy -	Synomone�

F �Source of the chemical signal

F -	Female
H -	Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -	Lure
M -	Male
M&F -	Male and Female
S -	Solider
Q -	Queen
W -	Worker�

�Amount

pg -	Picogram
ng -	Nanogram
�g -	Microgram
mg -	Milligram
g -	Gram�

New Zealand

isovaleric acid

�Relative ratio of the component�

�(*) indicates that compound is active�

�Source of the chemical signal

F -	Female
H -	Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -	Lure
M -	Male
M&F -	Male and Female
S -	Solider
Q -	Queen
W -	Worker�

�Amount

pg -	Picogram
ng -	Nanogram
�g -	Microgram
mg -	Milligram
g -	Gram�

Jerhot E

2010

Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.

49:

2037

3me-butyryl-o-2me-butyrylserine me-ester

�Relative ratio of the component�

�(*) indicates that compound is active�

P �Category of the chemical signal

A -	Attractant
Al -	Allomone
K -	Kairomone
P -	Pheromone
Sy -	Synomone�

F �Source of the chemical signal

F -	Female
H -	Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -	Lure
M -	Male
M&F -	Male and Female
S -	Solider
Q -	Queen
W -	Worker�

�Amount

pg -	Picogram
ng -	Nanogram
�g -	Microgram
mg -	Milligram
g -	Gram�

Contact sex pheromone

Latrodectus hesperus Chamberlin & Ivie

Scott C

2015

J. Chem. Ecol.

41:

465

3me-butyryl-o-2me-butyrylserine me-ester

�Relative ratio of the component�

�(*) indicates that compound is active�

P �Category of the chemical signal

A -	Attractant
Al -	Allomone
K -	Kairomone
P -	Pheromone
Sy -	Synomone�

F �Source of the chemical signal

F -	Female
H -	Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -	Lure
M -	Male
M&F -	Male and Female
S -	Solider
Q -	Queen
W -	Worker�

�Amount

pg -	Picogram
ng -	Nanogram
�g -	Microgram
mg -	Milligram
g -	Gram�

Contact sex pheromone

Latrodectus mactans Fabricius

Ovchinnikov YA

1984

Pure Appl. Chem.

56:

1049

NTL-1

�Relative ratio of the component�

�(*) indicates that compound is active�

P �Category of the chemical signal

A -	Attractant
Al -	Allomone
K -	Kairomone
P -	Pheromone
Sy -	Synomone�

�Source of the chemical signal

F -	Female
H -	Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -	Lure
M -	Male
M&F -	Male and Female
S -	Solider
Q -	Queen
W -	Worker�

�Amount

pg -	Picogram
ng -	Nanogram
�g -	Microgram
mg -	Milligram
g -	Gram�

Uzbekistan, Central Asia

Latrodectus mactans tredecimguttatus Rossi

Grasso A

1976

Biochim. Biophys. Acta

439:

406

l-leucine

�Relative ratio of the component�

�(*) indicates that compound is active�

P �Category of the chemical signal

A -	Attractant
Al -	Allomone
K -	Kairomone
P -	Pheromone
Sy -	Synomone�

�Source of the chemical signal

F -	Female
H -	Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -	Lure
M -	Male
M&F -	Male and Female
S -	Solider
Q -	Queen
W -	Worker�

�Amount

pg -	Picogram
ng -	Nanogram
�g -	Microgram
mg -	Milligram
g -	Gram�

Tyrrhenian Coast, Italy

l-isoleucine

�Relative ratio of the component�

�(*) indicates that compound is active�

�Source of the chemical signal

F -	Female
H -	Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -	Lure
M -	Male
M&F -	Male and Female
S -	Solider
Q -	Queen
W -	Worker�

�Amount

pg -	Picogram
ng -	Nanogram
�g -	Microgram
mg -	Milligram
g -	Gram�

Pansa MC

1972

Toxicon

10:

serotonin

�Relative ratio of the component�

�(*) indicates that compound is active�

P �Category of the chemical signal

A -	Attractant
Al -	Allomone
K -	Kairomone
P -	Pheromone
Sy -	Synomone�

�Source of the chemical signal

F -	Female
H -	Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -	Lure
M -	Male
M&F -	Male and Female
S -	Solider
Q -	Queen
W -	Worker�

�Amount

pg -	Picogram
ng -	Nanogram
�g -	Microgram
mg -	Milligram
g -	Gram�

Tyrrhenian Coast, Italy

Frontali N

1964

Arch. Biochem. Biophys.

106:

213

LV1

�Relative ratio of the component�

�(*) indicates that compound is active�

P �Category of the chemical signal

A -	Attractant
Al -	Allomone
K -	Kairomone
P -	Pheromone
Sy -	Synomone�

�Source of the chemical signal

F -	Female
H -	Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -	Lure
M -	Male
M&F -	Male and Female
S -	Solider
Q -	Queen
W -	Worker�

�Amount

pg -	Picogram
ng -	Nanogram
�g -	Microgram
mg -	Milligram
g -	Gram�

Tyrrhenian Coast, Italy

LV2

�Relative ratio of the component�

�(*) indicates that compound is active�

�Source of the chemical signal

F -	Female
H -	Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -	Lure
M -	Male
M&F -	Male and Female
S -	Solider
Q -	Queen
W -	Worker�

�Amount

pg -	Picogram
ng -	Nanogram
�g -	Microgram
mg -	Milligram
g -	Gram�

LV3

�Relative ratio of the component�

�(*) indicates that compound is active�

�Source of the chemical signal

F -	Female
H -	Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -	Lure
M -	Male
M&F -	Male and Female
S -	Solider
Q -	Queen
W -	Worker�

�Amount

pg -	Picogram
ng -	Nanogram
�g -	Microgram
mg -	Milligram
g -	Gram�

Bettini S

1960

Int. Congr. Entomol. Pavia

115

taurine

�Relative ratio of the component�

�(*) indicates that compound is active�

P �Category of the chemical signal

A -	Attractant
Al -	Allomone
K -	Kairomone
P -	Pheromone
Sy -	Synomone�

�Source of the chemical signal

F -	Female
H -	Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -	Lure
M -	Male
M&F -	Male and Female
S -	Solider
Q -	Queen
W -	Worker�

�Amount

pg -	Picogram
ng -	Nanogram
�g -	Microgram
mg -	Milligram
g -	Gram�

Tyrrhenian Coast, Italy

l-glutamic acid

�Relative ratio of the component�

�(*) indicates that compound is active�

�Source of the chemical signal

F -	Female
H -	Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -	Lure
M -	Male
M&F -	Male and Female
S -	Solider
Q -	Queen
W -	Worker�

�Amount

pg -	Picogram
ng -	Nanogram
�g -	Microgram
mg -	Milligram
g -	Gram�

l-glutamine

�Relative ratio of the component�

�(*) indicates that compound is active�

�Source of the chemical signal

F -	Female
H -	Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -	Lure
M -	Male
M&F -	Male and Female
S -	Solider
Q -	Queen
W -	Worker�

�Amount

pg -	Picogram
ng -	Nanogram
�g -	Microgram
mg -	Milligram
g -	Gram�

l-alanine

�Relative ratio of the component�

�(*) indicates that compound is active�

�Source of the chemical signal

F -	Female
H -	Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -	Lure
M -	Male
M&F -	Male and Female
S -	Solider
Q -	Queen
W -	Worker�

�Amount

pg -	Picogram
ng -	Nanogram
�g -	Microgram
mg -	Milligram
g -	Gram�

l-arginine

�Relative ratio of the component�

�(*) indicates that compound is active�

�Source of the chemical signal

F -	Female
H -	Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -	Lure
M -	Male
M&F -	Male and Female
S -	Solider
Q -	Queen
W -	Worker�

�Amount

pg -	Picogram
ng -	Nanogram
�g -	Microgram
mg -	Milligram
g -	Gram�

glycine

0.11 �Relative ratio of the component�

�(*) indicates that compound is active�

�Source of the chemical signal

F -	Female
H -	Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -	Lure
M -	Male
M&F -	Male and Female
S -	Solider
Q -	Queen
W -	Worker�

�Amount

pg -	Picogram
ng -	Nanogram
�g -	Microgram
mg -	Milligram
g -	Gram�

4-aminobutanoic acid

�Relative ratio of the component�

�(*) indicates that compound is active�

�Source of the chemical signal

F -	Female
H -	Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -	Lure
M -	Male
M&F -	Male and Female
S -	Solider
Q -	Queen
W -	Worker�

�Amount

pg -	Picogram
ng -	Nanogram
�g -	Microgram
mg -	Milligram
g -	Gram�

l-aspartic acid

�Relative ratio of the component�

�(*) indicates that compound is active�

�Source of the chemical signal

F -	Female
H -	Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -	Lure
M -	Male
M&F -	Male and Female
S -	Solider
Q -	Queen
W -	Worker�

�Amount

pg -	Picogram
ng -	Nanogram
�g -	Microgram
mg -	Milligram
g -	Gram�

l-asparagine

�Relative ratio of the component�

�(*) indicates that compound is active�

�Source of the chemical signal

F -	Female
H -	Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -	Lure
M -	Male
M&F -	Male and Female
S -	Solider
Q -	Queen
W -	Worker�

�Amount

pg -	Picogram
ng -	Nanogram
�g -	Microgram
mg -	Milligram
g -	Gram�

l-leucine

�Relative ratio of the component�

�(*) indicates that compound is active�

�Source of the chemical signal

F -	Female
H -	Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -	Lure
M -	Male
M&F -	Male and Female
S -	Solider
Q -	Queen
W -	Worker�

�Amount

pg -	Picogram
ng -	Nanogram
�g -	Microgram
mg -	Milligram
g -	Gram�

l-histidine

�Relative ratio of the component�

�(*) indicates that compound is active�

�Source of the chemical signal

F -	Female
H -	Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -	Lure
M -	Male
M&F -	Male and Female
S -	Solider
Q -	Queen
W -	Worker�

�Amount

pg -	Picogram
ng -	Nanogram
�g -	Microgram
mg -	Milligram
g -	Gram�

l-lysine

�Relative ratio of the component�

�(*) indicates that compound is active�

�Source of the chemical signal

F -	Female
H -	Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -	Lure
M -	Male
M&F -	Male and Female
S -	Solider
Q -	Queen
W -	Worker�

�Amount

pg -	Picogram
ng -	Nanogram
�g -	Microgram
mg -	Milligram
g -	Gram�

Reference(s):

Bryan, S.A., Vink, C.J., Barratt, B.I.P., Seddon, P.J., and van Heezik, Y. 2019. Investigation of two new putative pheromone components of the invasive Australian redback spider, Latrodectus hasseltii, with potential applications for control. N.Z. J. Zool. 46:189-200.

Baruffaldi, L. 2016. Function and diversity of sex pheromones in representative species of the black widow spiders (genus Latrodectus, Araneae: Theridiidae). Uni. Toronto. :1.

Scott, C., McCann, S., Gries, R., Khaskin, G., and Gries, G. 2015. N-3-methylbutanoyl-O-methylpropanoyl-L-serine methyl ester � pheromone component of western black widow females. J. Chem. Ecol. 41:465-472.

Jerhot, E., Stoltz, J.A., Andrade, M.C.B., and Schulz, S. 2010. Acylated serine derivatives: a unique class of arthropod pheromones of the Australian redback spider, Latrodectus hasselti. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49:2037-2040.

Ovchinnikov, Y.A. 1984. Bioorganic chemistry of polypeptide neurotoxins. Pure Appl. Chem. 56:1049-1068.

Grasso, A. 1976. Preparation and properties of a neurotoxin from the venom of black widow spider (Latrodectus mactans tredecimguttatus). Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 439:406-412.

Pansa, M.C., Migliori Natalizi, G., and Bettini, S. 1972. 5-Hydroxytryptamine content of Latrodectus mactans tredecimguttatus venom from gland extracts. Toxicon. 10:85-86.

Frontali, N., and Grasso, A. 1964. Separation of three toxicologically different protein components from the venom of the spider Latrodectus tredecimguttatus. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 106:213-218.

Bettini, S., and Toschi-Frontali, N. 1960. Biochemical and toxicological aspects of Latrodectus tredecimguttatus venom. Int. Congr. Entomol., Pavia. 115-121.

Citation: El-Sayed AM 2025. The Pherobase: Database of Pheromones and Semiochemicals. <http://www.pherobase.com>.
Ⓒ 2003-2025 The Pherobase - Extensive Database of Pheromones and Semiochemicals. Ashraf M. El-Sayed.
Page created on 19-January-2025